6. Outline the Hans Krabs cycle and discuss how three carbon atom Acetyl CoA is converted citrate, how citrate is formed again, and its metabolic sequence with necessary enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

6. Outline the Hans Krabs cycle and discuss how three carbon atom Acetyl CoA is converted citrate, how citrate is formed again, and its metabolic sequence with necessary enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

answer:

Introduction

The Krebs cycle or TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) or Citric acid cycle is a series of enzyme catalysed reactions occurring in the mitochondrial matrix, where acetyl-CoA is oxidised to form carbon dioxide and coenzymes are reduced, which generate ATP in the electron transport chain.

Krebs cycle was named after Hans Krebs, who postulated the detailed cycle. He was awarded the Nobel prize in 1953 for his contribution.

It is a series of eight-step processes, where the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA is oxidised to form two molecules of CO2 and in the process, one ATP is produced. Reduced high energy compounds, NADH and FADH2 are also produced.

Two molecules of acetyl-CoA are produced from each glucose molecule so two turns of the Krebs cycle are required which yields four CO2, six NADH, two FADH2 and two ATPs.

Krebs Cycle is a part of Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is a catabolic reaction taking place in the cells. It is a biochemical process by which nutrients are broken down to release energy, which gets stored in the form of ATP and waste products are released. In aerobic respiration, oxygen is required.

Also see: Biochemical Pathways

Cellular respiration is a four-stage process. In the process, glucose is oxidised to carbon dioxide and oxygen is reduced to water. The energy released in the process is stored in the form of ATPs. 36 to 38 ATPs are formed from each glucose molecule.

The four stages are:

1. Glycolysis: Partial oxidation of a glucose molecule to form 2 molecules of pyruvate. This process takes place in the cytosol.

Further reading: Significance of Glycolysis

2. Formation of Acetyl CoA: Pyruvate formed in glycolysis enters the mitochondrial matrix. It undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to form two molecules of Acetyl CoA. The reaction is catalysed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme.

3. Krebs cycle (TCA cycle or Citric Acid Cycle): It is the common pathway for complete oxidation of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids as they are metabolised to acetyl coenzyme A or other intermediates of the cycle. The Acetyl CoA produced enters the Tricarboxylic acid cycle or Citric acid cycle. Glucose is fully oxidized in this process. The acetyl CoA combines with 4-carbon compound oxaloacetate to form 6C citrate. In this process, 2 molecules of CO2 are released and oxaloacetate is recycled. Energy is stored in ATP and other high energy compounds like NADH and FADH2.

4. Electron Transport System and Oxidative Phosphorylation: ATP is generated when electrons are transferred from the energy-rich molecules like NADH and FADH2, produced in glycolysis, citric acid cycle and fatty acid oxidation to molecular O2 by a series of electron carriers. O2 is reduced to H2O. It takes place in the inner membrane of mitochondria.

Also Check: MCQs on Krebs Cycle

Krebs Cycle Steps

It is an eight-step process. Krebs cycle or TCA cycle takes place in the matrix of mitochondria under aerobic condition.

Step 1: The first step is the condensation of acetyl CoA with 4-carbon compound oxaloacetate to form 6C citrate, coenzyme A is released. The reaction is catalysed by citrate synthase.

Step 2: Citrate is converted to its isomer, isocitrate. The enzyme aconitase catalyses this reaction.

Step 3: Isocitrate undergoes dehydrogenation and decarboxylation to form 5C 𝝰-ketoglutarate. A molecular form of CO2 is released. Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyses the reaction. It is an NAD+ dependent enzyme. NAD+ is converted to NADH.

Step 4: 𝝰-ketoglutarate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to form succinyl CoA, a 4C compound. The reaction is catalyzed by the 𝝰-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme complex. One molecule of CO2 is released and NAD+ is converted to NADH.

Step 5: Succinyl CoA forms succinate. The enzyme succinyl CoA synthetase catalyses the reaction. This is coupled with substrate-level phosphorylation of GDP to get GTP. GTP transfers its phosphate to ADP forming ATP.

Step 6: Succinate is oxidised by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase to fumarate. In the process, FAD is converted to FADH2.

Step 7: Fumarate gets converted to malate by the addition of one H2O. The enzyme catalysing this reaction is fumarase.

Step 8: Malate is dehydrogenated to form oxaloacetate, which combines with another molecule of acetyl CoA and starts the new cycle. Hydrogens removed, get transferred to NAD+ forming NADH. Malate dehydrogenase catalyses the reaction.

Krebs Cycle Summary

Location: Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

Krebs cycle reactants: Acetyl CoA, which is produced from the end product of glycolysis, i.e. pyruvate and it condenses with 4 carbon oxaloacetate, which is generated back in the Krebs cycle

Krebs cycle products

Each citric acid cycle forms the following products:

• 2 molecules of CO2 are released. Removal of CO2 or decarboxylation of citric acid takes place at two places:
  1. In the conversion of isocitrate (6C) to 𝝰-ketoglutarate (5C)
  2. In the conversion of 𝝰-ketoglutarate (5C) to succinyl CoA (4C)
• 1 ATP is produced in the conversion of succinyl CoA to succinate
• 3 NAD+ are reduced to NADH and 1 FAD+ is converted to FADH2 in the following reactions:
  1. Isocitrate to 𝝰-ketoglutarate → NADH
  2. 𝝰-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA → NADH
  3. Succinate to fumarate → FADH2
  4. Malate to Oxaloacetate → NADH

Note that 2 molecules of Acetyl CoA are produced from oxidative decarboxylation of 2 pyruvates so two cycles are required per glucose molecule.

To summarize, for complete oxidation of a glucose molecule, Krebs cycle yields 4 CO2, 6NADH, 2 FADH2 and 2 ATPs.

Each molecule of NADH can form 2-3 ATPs and each FADH2 gives 2 ATPs on oxidation in the electron transport chain.

Krebs cycle equation

To Sum up

Significance of Krebs Cycle

• Krebs cycle or Citric acid cycle is the final pathway of oxidation of glucose, fats and amino acids
• Many animals are dependent on nutrients other than glucose as an energy source
• Amino acids (metabolic product of proteins) are deaminated and get converted to pyruvate and other intermediates of the Krebs cycle. They enter the cycle and get metabolised e.g. alanine is converted to pyruvate, glutamate to 𝝰-ketoglutarate, aspartate to oxaloacetate on deamination
• Fatty acids undergo 𝞫-oxidation to form acetyl CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle
• It is the major source of ATP production in the cells. A large amount of energy is produced after complete oxidation of nutrients
• It plays an important role in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis and interconversion of amino acids
• Many intermediate compounds are used in the synthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, cytochromes and chlorophylls, etc.
• Vitamins play an important role in the citric acid cycle. Riboflavin, niacin, thiamin and pantothenic acid as a part of various enzymes cofactors (FAD, NAD) and coenzyme A
• Regulation of Krebs cycle depends on the supply of NAD+ and utilization of ATP in physical and chemical work
• The genetic defects of the Krebs cycle enzymes are associated with neural damage
• As most of the biological processes occur in the liver to a significant extent, damage to liver cells has a lot of repercussions. Hyperammonemia occurs in liver diseases and leads to convulsions and coma. This is due to reduced ATP generation as a result of the withdrawal of 𝝰-ketoglutarate and formation of glutamate, which forms glutamine