BIOLOGY

  5. Tabulate the unique and common features for both plant and animal cells.  answer : Difference Between Plant cell and Animal cell The cell is the fundamental unit of life. All the life activities are carried out by cells. The organisms can be classified based on the number of cells present in them. Unicellular organisms are single-celled, while multicellular organisms have a large number of cells. Unicellular organisms are believed to be one of the earliest forms of life on earth. Eventually, more complex multicellular organisms evolved from these unicellular life forms over the aeons. Multicellular organisms have specialized cells with complicated cell organelles, which unicellular organisms typically lack. In an ecosystem, plants have the role of producers, while animals have taken the role of consumers. Hence, their daily activities and functions vary, and so does their cell structure. Cell structure and organelles vary in plants and animals, and are primarily clas...

4. Elaborate on the form and function of the modified leaves of the plants. answer: Leaves: Morphology, Types & Modification Plants are an essential part of the ecosystem. Every life on the earth is directly or indirectly dependent on plants. Among the different parts of a plant, the leaf is the most essential. Primarily, leaves have two functions: photosynthesis and transpiration. In some plants, it takes up the responsibility of reproduction also. Table of Contents Structure Types Modification Function Key Points Let’s learn more about the morphology of leaves, parts of a leaf, different types of leaves and their modifications. Structure of a Leaf Leaves are thin, flat organs responsible for photosynthesis in the plants. It develops laterally at the node. It is an important part of the shoot system and it originates from shoot apical meristems. The structure of a leaf is described below in detail : Parts of a Leaf Generally, leaf base, petiole, and lamina, together form the m...

  3. Discuss in detail the form and function of the modified stems of the plants. answers : Modifications of Stem Stems of many plants are modified to perform different functions such as storage, protection, photosynthesis, support, propagation and perennation. Modifications help in better adaptation and survival.   Stems develop from the plumule of the germinating seed. It bears leaves, fruits, flowers, etc. The characteristic feature of a stem is nodes and internodes. The main function of the stem is to support other parts of the plant and conduction of food, water and minerals. In some plants, stems are modified, which can be aerial, subaerial or underground modifications. They are modified to perform other functions, which are not normally associated with the stem. Table of Contents: Underground Stem Modifications Subaerial Stem Modifications Aerial Stem Modification Let us learn more about the different types of stem modifications with examples. Types of Modifications wit...

2.  discuss in detail the form and function of the modified roots system of plants. answer : Root Modifications The root is an underground part of the plant that absorbs water and minerals from the soil and anchors the plant firmly. In some plants, the roots change their shape and get modified to absorb and transport water and minerals from the soil to different parts of the plant. They are also modified for support, food storage, and respiration. The root modifications perform two major functions- Physiological and Mechanical. Let us have a detailed look at the modification of roots. Modifications of Tap Roots For Food Storage In some plants, the roots become fleshy due to the absorption of food material. The aerial parts of these plants are worn out due to unfavourable conditions. When the conditions are favourable again new buds emerge either from the fleshy root or from a small bit of stem above. For eg., the taproots of carrot and turnip get swollen to store food. Depending up...

1. Elaborate on the diversity of the root and shoot system of plants answer: Introduction Plants are one of the most important living organisms on earth. They have huge benefits for both humans and animals. A plant is made up of numerous parts. Distinct parts serve different purposes. The shoot system refers to the portion of the plant that protrudes above ground level, whereas the root system refers to the portion buried beneath the soil. The essential parts of a plant are: Roots Stem Leaves Flowers Fruits The study of plant organ tissue and cellular structure is known as plant anatomy. Cells serve as the fundamental building block of plants. Cells are organised into tissues, which are then organised into organs. Plant organs differ from one another in terms of their internal structure. The monocots and dicots are also observed to have diverse anatomical structures within angiosperms. Internal structures also exhibit environmental adaptations. Anatomy of Root All vascular plants have ...

  Peptide bonds are unusually stable when compared to other linkages. Justify with a neat diagram. answer: Why peptide bond is stronger  1. Peptide bonds are strong with partial double bond character: They are not broken by heating or high salt concentration. They can be broken by exposing them to strong acid or base for a long time at elevated temperature. Also by some specific enzymes (digestive enzymes). 2. Peptide bonds are rigid and planar bonds therefore they stabilize protein structure. 3. Peptide bond contains partial positive charge groups (polar hydrogen atoms of amino groups) and partial negative charge groups (polar oxygen atoms of carboxyl groups). Peptide Bond Formation or Synthesis A peptide bond is formed by a  dehydration synthesis  or reaction at a molecular level.  This reaction is also known as a condensation reaction which usually occurs between amino acids. As depicted in the figure given below, two amino acids bond together to form a ...

  10.Many cellular proteins do not have structures that noticeably correlate with their functions. Explain. answer: Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) are functional proteins or regions that do not have unique 3D structures under functional conditions. Therefore, from the viewpoint of their lack of stable 3D structure, IDPs/IDPRs are inherently unstable. As much as structure and function of normal ordered globular proteins are determined by their amino acid sequences, the lack of unique 3D structure in IDPs/IDPRs and their disorder-based functionality are also encoded in the amino acid sequences. Because of their specific sequence features and distinctive conformational behavior, these intrinsically unstable proteins or regions have several applications in biotechnology. This review introduces some of the most characteristic features of IDPs/IDPRs (such as peculiarities of amino acid sequences of these proteins and regions,...