BIOLOGY

  8. Oxidation of the 10 molecules of NADH produced from each glucose therefore accounts for almost 80 percent of the total energy released from the sugar. What does the ETC do with all this energy?  answer : Introduction: The metabolism of glucose is a complex process that involves a series of chemical reactions that convert the sugar into energy that can be used by cells. One of the key steps in this process is the oxidation of NADH, a molecule that is generated as a byproduct of glucose metabolism. This oxidation generates a significant amount of energy, which is then used to power other cellular processes. Content: During the breakdown of one glucose molecule, it produces 2 molecules of NADH. The oxidation of these 10 NADH molecules, which occurs in the electron transport chain (ETC) of the mitochondria, accounts for nearly 80% of the total energy released from the sugar. The ETC is a series of protein complexes that transport electrons from NADH to oxygen, generating a ...

    9.  Discuss the discovery of ATP synthase complex and its role in high-energy molecule production. answers: ATP synthase is a complex enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. It was first discovered by Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker in the late 1960s and early 1970s. They were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997 for their work. ATP synthase is found in the inner membrane of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells. It consists of two main parts: the F0 complex, which is embedded in the membrane and acts as a proton channel, and the F1 complex, which sits on top of the F0 complex and contains the enzymes that catalyze the actual synthesis of ATP. ATP synthase works by using the energy from the flow of protons across the inner membrane to drive the rotation of a ring of subunits within the F1 complex. This rotation causes the subunits within the F1 complex to change conformation and c...

  6.  Discuss genetics of human diseases with suitable examples. answer : Introduction: Genetics is a field of study that investigates the role of genes in the development of different traits and characteristics in living organisms. In the case of human diseases, genetics plays a significant role in the development of many conditions. This paper will discuss the genetics of human diseases and provide examples to illustrate the genetic causes of these disease. content : Genetics plays a significant role in the development of many human diseases. Some examples of genetic diseases include: Cystic fibrosis: This is an inherited disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which leads to the accumulation of thick mucus in the lungs, pancreas, and other organs. Sickle cell anemia: This is a blood disorder caused by a mutation in the HBB gene, which codes for hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The mut...

  5.   Do alleles of different genes segregate together or independently? answer : Introduction: The inheritance of genetic traits is determined by the distribution of alleles, which are different versions of a gene. During the formation of gametes, the segregation of alleles plays a crucial role in determining the genetic makeup of the offspring. The question of whether alleles of different genes segregate together or independently is a fundamental concept in genetics. Content: Alleles of different genes generally segregate independently during meiosis, due to the process of independent assortment. This means that the distribution of alleles for one gene during the formation of gametes is not affected by the distribution of alleles for another gene. However, there are some exceptions to this rule, such as linkage, where certain genes are located close together on the same chromosome and may be inherited together more frequently than would be expected by chance. Conclusion: ...

  4.  Mendel performed a dihybrid cross experiment to confirm whether the principle of segregation would hold true when individuals had two different traits instead of just one. answer : Introduction: Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk and scientist, is known as the "Father of Genetics" for his pioneering work in the study of inheritance. His experiments on pea plants helped to establish the basic principles of genetics and laid the foundation for our understanding of how traits are passed down from one generation to the next. One of his most notable experiments was the dihybrid cross, which aimed to confirm whether the principle of segregation would hold true when individuals had two different traits instead of just one. Body: Mendel chose to study the inheritance of seven different traits in pea plants, including seed color, seed shape, flower color, flower position, pod color, pod shape, and stem length. He chose these traits because they were easy to observe and had distin...

  3.  Mendel performed a monohybrid cross using the round and wrinkled seeds; with our classroom discussion, write on proving the inheritance of seed shape in peas. amswer : Introduction: Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, is known for his pioneering work in the field of genetics. He conducted a series of experiments on pea plants to understand the inheritance of certain traits. One of the experiments he performed was a monohybrid cross using the round and wrinkled seeds. In this experiment, Mendel aimed to understand the inheritance of seed shape in peas. Main Content: Mendel performed a monohybrid cross by breeding a true-breeding pea plant that produced round seeds with another true-breeding pea plant that produced wrinkled seeds. He found that all of the offspring produced in the first generation (F1) had round seeds. However, in the second generation (F2), he observed that some of the offspring had round seeds while others had wrinkled seeds. He found that the F1 generati...

  2.  Tabulate any ten vocabularies used in Mendelian genetics with its definition and example. answer : Vocabulary Definition Example Allele One of two or more versions of a gene A gene that controls flower color can have the alleles R (red) and W (white). Dominant An allele that is expressed when present in a heterozygous individual The R allele is dominant, so an individual with the genotype Rr will have red flowers. Recessive An allele that is only expressed when present in a homozygous individual The W allele is recessive, so an individual with the genotype WW will have white flowers. Genotype The genetic makeup of an individual An individual with the genotype Rr has one copy of the R allele and one copy of the W allele. Phenotype The physical or observable traits of an individual The phenotype of an individual with the genotype Rr is red flowers. ...