biology questions for fat
module-1 click here :
module-2 click here
module-3
1. 1.) Outline
the classification of proteins based on the polarity and how are they further
classified based on the presence of the R-groups present in the amino acid
structure? click here for answer
2. 2.)What
determines the structure and function of the proteins?click here for answer
3. 3.)Fill in the following table with ‘Y’ to
indicate ‘yes’ and ‘N’ to indicate ‘no’ for each box as it pertains to each
listed amino acid in each category. Some of the names are given only as their
three-letter abbreviations.
|
Amino Acid |
Nonpolar |
Polar |
Acidic Side Chain |
Basic Side Chain |
Essential? |
|
Proline |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
N |
|
Cys |
Y |
N |
Y |
N |
N |
|
Asp |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
|
Serine |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
|
Gln |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
N |
1. 4. Name the
four different types of interactions responsible for creating tertiary
structures in proteins and elaborate the same.click here
2. 5.In
general, proteins can be classified into 3 different groups. Name and give a
short description of each type and how they are distinct from one another.
Provide an example of a macromolecule or other complex structure representing
each of the three types. click here
3. 6.Name at
least three amino acids whose side chains have the characteristic of being able
to repel water and Define denaturation of proteins, is it fine to take denature
proteins as food? Explain based on the classroom discussion we had.click here
4. 7.Some of
the fats are called ‘saturated’ and others are called as “Unsaturated fats”.
What differs between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat? What differs
between a monounsaturated fat and a polyunsaturated fat?click here
5. 8. Describe
the structure of the lipid bilayer that makes up the cell membrane. What role
does the cell membrane play?click here
6. 9.he
bilayer that makes up the cell membrane contains lipids composed of two regions
that align in such a way as to keep the opposing regions separated. What are
the intermolecular forces that are present in the outer portions of the
membrane lipids? What intermolecular forces are utilized by the interior
portions of the membrane lipids?click here
7. 10. The cell
membrane is made up of different layers of attractive force, polar and
non-polar. Are there any types of molecules that can pass through both layers
without assistance or using special passages? Give at least one specific
example.click here
8. 11. Examine these two monosaccharides and
answer the following questions.
- Which monosaccharide is found in DNA, and
which is found in RNA?
- Circle the key difference that distinguishes
between the two monosaccharides.
- Use arrows to point to the areas where other
groups bond to make them into nucleotides. click here
12. Using the
following directions, sketch the nucleotide being described: Uses a
monosaccharide present in RNA, and a nitrogenous base found only in RNA. Point
an arow to the glycosidic bond.click here
13.Each DNA
strand will have a complementary strand. What is the sequence that complements
the strand dGCTAGATC? How many H-bonds allow this structure to maintain its
integrity and shape?CLICK HERE
14. List the
three types of RNA and their functions.click here
15.Why are
Proteins Called Building Blocks of the Body? What are the Biological Functions
of Proteins? click here
16.Explain
how secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of structure depend on primary
structure. Predict where amino acid residues with nonpolar r-groups would be
found within the overall structure of a protein such as chymotrypsin. click here
17.Summarize the protein structural classification in the form of a table with suitable diagram.click here.
18 What are carbohydrates? Why are they called hydrated carbons?click here
19.What are
all the different kinds of linkages that are formed between the two
macromolecules, define and differentiate the same. click here
module-4 :
1.In
glycolysis, there are energy feeder and harvesting steps and discuss which of
the steps for high energy feeding steps and which of the steps for high
energy-producing steps with proper metabolic steps.click here
2.Defend your answer by delineating the difference
between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation with
suitable examples.click here
3.Discuss on the over view of cellular respiration
process and mention what goes in the metabolic pathways/cycle and what comes
out.click here
4.Write down the overview of the ten steps glycolysis cycle and how they involve in the conversion of 6 carbon glucose into the two 3-carbon carboxylic acids finally? click here
5.discuss the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and its role in carbohydrate metabolism. click here
6. Outline the Hans Krabs cycle and discuss how three carbon atom Acetyl CoA is converted citrate, how citrate is formed again, and its metabolic sequence with necessary enzyme-catalyzed reactions.click here
7. Discuss the sequence of reduction and oxidation reactions happening at the mitochondrial matrix. When one glucose molecule enters into cellular respiration, how many high-energy phosphate molecules are produced?click here
8. 8.Oxidation
of the 10 molecules of NADH produced from each glucose therefore accounts for
almost 80 percent of the total energy released from the sugar. What does the
ETC do with all this energy?
9.Discuss the discovery of ATP synthase complex and its role in high-energy molecule
production.
10.In step 3
of the citric acid cycle, the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase is regulated by
NADH. Compare and contrast the regulation of this enzyme with the regulation of
phosphofructokinase in glycolysis.
11.Explain the relationship between electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. What
does ATP synthase look like, and how does it work?
Biological Science – TBIT101L – CAT II
Questions from Modules 3 and 4:
1. Distinguish
between the structures of maltose and lactose with the help of neat diagrams.
(BL4) click here
2.Compare
the functions of starch and glycogen with a note about their different linkages.
(BL4) click here
3.Bond
saturation profoundly affects the state of lipids with an impact on
cardiovascular health. Justify. (BL5)
4.Cholesterol
and phospholipids are both amphipathic lipids that do not dissolve in water.
Justify. (BL5)
5.Illustrate
the condensation reaction that is responsible for the backbone structure of
nucleic acids. (BL2)
6.Illustrate
the double helix of DNA with details about base pairing, strand polarity, and
physical dimensions. (BL2)
7.Illustrate
the secondary structure of RNA with details about hydrogen bonding and other
interactions. (BL2)
8.Illustrate
the tertiary structure of a ribozyme with a note about their function in
therapeutics. (BL2)
9.Peptide
bonds are unusually stable when compared to other linkages. Justify with a neat
diagram. (BL5)
10.Many
cellular proteins do not have structures that noticeably correlate with their
functions. Explain. (BL5)
11.Discuss
the different types of secondary structures that are commonly seen in proteins.
(BL6)
12.Discuss
the different kinds of interactions that stabilize the tertiary structures of
proteins. (BL6)
13.Weaker
bonds with equally shared electrons have high potential energy and vice
versa. Explain. (BL5)
14. Spontaneous
reactions are exergonic, but non-spontaneous reactions are endergonic. Explain.
(BL5)
15. Redox
reactions may transfer electrons alone or as hydrogen atoms. Justify with a
suitable example. (BL5)
16. Exergonic
phosphorylation reactions are coupled to endergonic reactions. Justify with a
suitable example. (BL5)
17.Demonstrate
the three reactions that result in substrate level phosphorylation during
cellular respiration. (BL2)
18.Demonstrate
the three reactions that result in the reduction of NAD to NADH during cellular
respiration. (BL2)
19.Elaborate
the reactions of the electron transport chain with a note on the
electrochemical gradient. (BL6)
20. Estimate
the maximum number of ATP molecules that can be generated during cellular
respiration. (BL6)
21.Propose
the chemiosmosis hypothesis with a note on oxidative phosphorylation in
mitochondria. (BL6)
22,Defend
that the mRNA hypothesis provided a missing link between DNA and protein. (BL5)
23. Defend the
central dogma of molecular biology against some of the exceptions to it. (BL5)
24. Defend
Gamow’s hypothesis about the genetic code with some of its salient features.
(BL5)
module-5 :
1. What are genes made of? Elaborate on the Hershey Chase experiment to confirm whether genes were made of protein or DNA. click here
2. Analyze how Watson and Crick proposed a model for the secondary structure of DNA with necessary diagrams. click here
3. The biologists proposed three different hypotheses for DNA replication and how Meselson- Stahl proved the way forward for the DNA replication process. click here
4. Elaborate in detail on leading and lagging strands in the DNA replication process and the essential components for DNA replication to occur? click here
5. Diagrammatically explain how Okazaki fragments are formed and how they ligate to become full strands during the DNA replication process. click here
6. Tabulate the proteins required for DNA synthesis in Bacteria and mention their function. click here
7. Elaborate on One-gene and one-enzyme hypotheses with suitable examples.click here
8. How did the researchers crack the genetic code into amino acid letters for the translation process and mention start and stop codons? click here
9. DNA's primary structure comprises just four different bases, and its secondary structure is regular and highly stable. How can a molecule with these characteristics hold the information required to build and maintain a cell? click here
10. The central dogma of molecular biology states that the flow of information in cells is from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA). How does RNA polymerase know where to start transcribing a gene and end it? Explain with a suitable diagram. click here
11. Mention three different kinds of ribonucleic acids and functions. Tabulate the transcription and RNA processing in Bacteria and Eukaryotes. click here
12. The genetic code specifies the correspondence between each triplet codon in mRNA and the amino acid it codes for. But how are the amino acids assembled into a polypeptide according to the information in mRNA? click here
13. Discuss the structure and function of Transfer RNA during the translational process in detail. click here
14. Discuss the structure of ribosomes and their function in the translation process in detail. click here
15. Elaborate how proteins' initiation, elongation, and termination happen in the ribosome with suitable diagrams. click here
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